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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Collenia</i></h1>
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<table cellpadding="2" class="float-right palaeobox taxobox infobox" id="Vorlage_Taxobox" style="width:300px;margin-top:0.5em;" summary="Taxobox">
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<th><i>Collenia</i>
</th></tr>
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<td class="taxo-bild" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p>Anschliff von <i>Collenia undosa</i> aus dem 2,11 Milliarden Jahre alten <a href="B%C3%A4ndereisenerz" title="Bändereisenerz">Bändereisenerz</a> der Biwabik-Iron-Formation in den USA. Bildausschnitt: 4,2 × 3,3 cm.
</p>
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<th><a href="Erdzeitalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdzeitalter">Zeitliches Auftreten</a>
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<tr>
<td class="taxo-zeit">2400 bis 325 <a href="Mya_(Zeitskala)" title="Mya (Zeitskala)">Mio. Jahre</a>
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<tr>
<th><a href="Fossil" title="Fossil">Fundorte</a>
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<td class="taxo-ort">
<ul><li>Europa (<a href="Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a>)</li>
<li>Nordamerika (USA: <a href="Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>)</li>
<li>Afrika (<a href="Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>, <a href="S%C3%BCdafrika" title="Südafrika">Südafrika</a>, <a href="Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien">Mauretanien</a> – <a href="Taoudenni-Becken" title="Taoudenni-Becken">Taoudenni-Becken</a>)</li>
<li>Asien (<a href="China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, Indien: <a href="Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>)</li>
<li>Australien (<a href="Westaustralien" class="mw-redirect" title="Westaustralien">Westaustralien</a>)</li></ul>
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<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>
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<table class="toptextcells" style="width:100%;">
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<td><i><a href="Dom%C3%A4ne_(Biologie)" title="Domäne (Biologie)">Domäne</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a> (Bacteria)
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<td><i><a href="Stamm_(Biologie)" title="Stamm (Biologie)">Stamm</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Cyanobakterien" title="Cyanobakterien">Cyanobakterien</a> <a href="Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato"><i>s. l.</i></a> (Cyanobacteriota)
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<tr>
<td><i><a href="Klasse_(Biologie)" title="Klasse (Biologie)">Klasse</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Cyanobakterien" title="Cyanobakterien">Cyanobakterien</a> <a href="Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto"><i>s. s.</i></a> (Cyanophyceae)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Familie</a>:</i>
</td>
<td>Spongiostromata
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Unterfamilie</a>:</i>
</td>
<td>Stromatolithi
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattung</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><i>Collenia</i>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-name"><i>Collenia</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="Person"><a href="Charles_Walcott" title="Charles Walcott">Walcott</a>, 1914
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b> <i>Collenia</i> </b> ist eine <a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattung</a> fossiler <a href="Cyanobakterien" title="Cyanobakterien">Cyanobakterien</a>, die <a href="Stromatolith" title="Stromatolith">Stromatolithen</a> bildete.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beschreibung">Beschreibung</h2></div>
<p><i>Collenia</i> (insbesondere <i>Collenia symmetrica</i> Fenton & Fenton) entwickelte säulenartige <a href="Kolonie_(Biologie)" title="Kolonie (Biologie)">Kolonien</a> von 20 Zentimeter Breite und bis zu 40 Zentimeter Höhe, die einer abgeflachten Halbkugel glichen, welche an ihrem Rand brüsk abtaucht. Die daran beteiligten <a href="Mikroorganismus" title="Mikroorganismus">Mikroorganismen</a> waren höchstwahrscheinlich <a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">Sauerstoff</a> produzierende <a href="Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese">Photosynthese</a>-Bakterien, die im Zentrum der Stromatolithenstruktur konvexe, glatte bis leicht gewellte Lagen aufbauten.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arten">Arten</h2></div>
<p>Folgende Arten sind wissenschaftlich beschrieben:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Collenia albertensis</i></li>
<li><i>Collenia baikali(c)a</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (auch <i>Baikalia baicalica</i>) – Gangolihat-Dolomit (<a href="Riph%C3%A4en" title="Riphäen">Mittleres Riphäum</a>), Nagod-Kalk (Semri-Gruppe, <a href="Vindhya-Supergruppe" title="Vindhya-Supergruppe">Vindhya-Supergruppe</a>), Sirbu-Schieferton – um 650 Millionen Jahre BP (Bhander-Gruppe, Vindhya-Supergruppe)</li>
<li><i>Collenia clappii</i> – Bargawan-Kalk (Semri-Gruppe), Kheinjua-Formation – 1110 ± 60 Millionen Jahre BP (Mittleres Riphäum), Rohtas-Kalk (Semri-Gruppe)</li>
<li><i>Collenia columnaris</i> (auch <i>Colonella columnaris</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Bargawan-Kalk, Gangolihat-Dolomit, Sirbu-Schieferton</li>
<li><i>Collenia cylindrica</i></li>
<li><i>Collenia frequens</i> – Bhagwanpura-Kalk (Semri-Gruppe)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Collenia kussiensis</i> – (auch <i>Kussiella kussiensis</i>) – Arangi-Formation (Semri-Gruppe), Gangolihat-Dolomit, Kajrahat-Kalk – 1721 ±90 Millionen Jahre BP,<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tirohan-Kalk (Semri-Gruppe)</li>
<li><i>Collenia multiflabella</i></li>
<li><i>Collenia parva</i></li>
<li><i>Collenia symmetrica</i> – Gangolihat-Dolomit, Kajrahat-Kalk,<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagod-Kalk, Tirohan-Kalk</li>
<li><i>Collenia undosa</i> – Biwabik Iron Formation</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbreitung">Verbreitung</h2></div>
<p>Die Cyanobakteriengattung <i>Collenia</i> war im <a href="Proterozoikum" title="Proterozoikum">Proterozoikum</a> weit verbreitet, insbesondere im Zeitraum 2,4 bis 2,2 Milliarden Jahre <a href="Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> (<a href="Siderium" title="Siderium">Siderium</a> und <a href="Rhyacium" title="Rhyacium">Rhyacium</a> bzw. <a href="Oxygenium_(Periode)" title="Oxygenium (Periode)">Oxygenium</a> und <a href="Jatulium" title="Jatulium">Jatulium</a>). Gegen Ende des Präkambriums ging ihre Verbreitung stark zurück.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ökologie"><span id=".C3.96kologie"></span>Ökologie</h2></div>
<p>Bereits Cloud (1942) und andere hatten darauf hingewiesen,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dass die auf Algen beruhenden Stromatolithen sowohl im frischen als auch im salinären Flachwasser gedeihen. Logan, Rezak und Ginsburg sind der Ansicht, dass die Collenia-artigen <b>LLH-Stromatolithen</b> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">Englisch</a> <i>lateral linkage of hemispheroids</i> – seitliche Verknüpfung von Halbkugeln) bezeichnenderweise aus zusammenhängenden Matten und von Algen zusammengehaltenen Sedimentlagen hervorgehen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ihr Ökotop ist hierbei ein marines, intertidales Environment mit geringem Seegang, das an tief ins Hinterland eingreifenden Buchten gelegen ist und zusätzlich von <a href="Flachk%C3%BCste#Barre_und_Priel" title="Flachküste">Barren</a> beschützt werden kann.
</p><p>Generell sind Algen-Stromatolithen keine guten <a href="Leitfossil" title="Leitfossil">Leitfossilien</a>, aber sehr gute ökologische Anzeiger des Ablagerungsmilieus (<a href="Fazies" title="Fazies">Faziesanzeiger</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rich, Thomas H. V., Fenton, Carroll Lane, Fenton, Mildred Adams und Rich, Pat Vickers: <cite style="font-style:italic">The fossil book: a record of prehistoric life</cite>. Dover Publications, New York 1996, ISBN 0-486-29371-8.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Collenia&rft.au=Rich%2C+Thomas+H.+V.%2C+Fenton%2C+...&rft.btitle=The+fossil+book%3A+a+record+of+prehistoric+life&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0486293718&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll Lane Fenton, Pat Vickers Rich, Mildred Adams Fenton und Thomas H. V. Rich: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Fossil Book: A Record of Prehistoric Life</cite>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Collenia&rft.au=Carroll+Lane+Fenton%2C+Pat+Vickers+Rich%2C+Mildred+Adams+Fenton+und+Thomas+H.+V.+Rich&rft.btitle=The+Fossil+Book%3A+A+Record+of+Prehistoric+Life&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Valdiya, K. S.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stromatolites of the lesser Himalaya and their correlation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">22nd International Geological Congress</cite>. Part II. New Delhi 1969, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15–36</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Collenia&rft.atitle=Stromatolites+of+the+lesser+Himalaya+and+their+correlation&rft.au=Valdiya%2C+K.+S.&rft.btitle=22nd+International+Geological+Congress&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=15-36&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.volume=Part+II" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Valdiya, K. S.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Occurrence of magnesite deposits and time controlled variations of stromatolites in the Shali series, District Mahasu H. P.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geological Society of India</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 1967, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>125–128</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Collenia&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+magnesite+deposits+and+time+controlled+variations+of+stromatolites+in+the+Shali+series%2C+District+Mahasu+H.+P.&rft.au=Valdiya%2C+K.+S.&rft.btitle=Geological+Society+of+India&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=125-128&rft.volume=4" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raja Rao, C. S. und Mahajan, V. D.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Note on the stromatolites and probable correlation of the Bhagwanpur Limestone, Chhitogarh district, Rajasthan</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Current Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>34</span>, 1965, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>82–83</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Collenia&rft.atitle=Note+on+the+stromatolites+and+probable+correlation+of+the+Bhagwanpur+Limestone%2C+Chhitogarh+district%2C+Rajasthan&rft.au=Raja+Rao%2C+C.+S.+und+Mahajan%2C+V.+D.&rft.btitle=Current+Science&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=82-83&rft.volume=34" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kumar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_6-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, S.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stromatolites from Vindhyan rocks of Son Valley – Maihar area, Districts Mirzapur (U. P.) and Satna (M. P.)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, 1973, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24–27</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Collenia&rft.atitle=Stromatolites+from+Vindhyan+rocks+of+Son+Valley+-+Maihar+area%2C+Districts+Mirzapur+%28U.+P.%29+and+Satna+%28M.+P.%29&rft.au=Kumar%2C+S.&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Palaeontological+Society+of+India&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=24-27&rft.volume=19" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cloud, P. E., Jr.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Notes on stromato1ites</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">American Journal of Science</cite>. v. 240, 1942, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>363–379</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Collenia&rft.atitle=Notes+on+stromato1ites&rft.au=Cloud%2C+P.+E.%2C+Jr.&rft.btitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.date=1942&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=363-379&rft.volume=v.+240" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Logan, B. W., Rezak, R. und Ginsburg, R. N.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Classification and environmental significance of algal stromatolites</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Geology</cite>. v.72n.1, 1964, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>68–83</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Collenia&rft.atitle=Classification+and+environmental+significance+of+algal+stromatolites&rft.au=Logan%2C+B.+W.%2C+Rezak%2C+...&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Geology&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=68-83&rft.volume=v.72n.1" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginsburg, R. N.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ancient analogues of recent stromatolites</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Geological Congress Proceedings</cite>. pt. 22, 1960, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>26–35</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Collenia&rft.atitle=Ancient+analogues+of+recent+stromatolites&rft.au=Ginsburg%2C+R.+N.&rft.btitle=International+Geological+Congress+Proceedings&rft.date=1960&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=26-35&rft.volume=pt.+22" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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